Bolinger (1952): "... the differentiator, the contrasting element, comes last."

Amaitzen genuen atzo esánez ze Bolinger-en kontzeptua on modifikazio lineala agertzen dá oso lotua kin kontzeptuak nola thema eta rhema. Ikustagun orain Bolinger-en beraren adibide bat referitua ki erlazioa artén sujetu bat eta bere aditza an esaldi oso labur bat, alegia "Juan canta" versus "Canta Juan":

... Juan canta is used in Mexican Spanish more often than not to signify what John does for a living, whereas Canta Juan more often than not means that he is singing now. Actually these particular meanings are secondary, but they derive logically from the fact that in Canta Juan it is primarily Juan that narrows canta -starting off with canta the speaker suggests an action that anyone might be doing, hence some such situation as a concert where several persons have been singing and it now comes John's turn. The canta is general and the Juan is restrictive. On the other hand Juan canta suggests possible activities for John -he sings for a living rather than writes or weaves. The one answers the question ¿Quién canta? The other answers ¿Qué hace Juan? Note particularly that the differentiator, the contrasting element, comes last. [Bolinger, 1952:1120]

Bestalde, atzoko sarreran ikusten genuen nóla:

Bolinger’s study of the relationship between syntax and semantics suggests that speakers and writers tend to express pieces of information in order of increasing information value. The placement of less important (context dependent or accessible) ideas in initial position and more important ideas in final position reflects the processes taking place in the communication participants’ minds. [Chamonikolasová, 2009]

Konkretuki esaldiko elementu hori non egonen litzakén esaldiko informazio-balio maximoa izanen litzaké horixe non kokatzen dén esaldiko azentu maximoa (mean stress), halan ze guri bereziki interesatzen zaigu nón jartzen den azentu nagusi hori, zeren hortxe egonen litzake esaldiko informazio rhematikoena. Eta gauza da ze Juan canta esaldian, azentu nagusia doa an "canta", non agertzen dén esaldiko parte rhematikoena:

• Juan canta

bitartean ze an Canta Juan, azentua doa an "Juan", non egonen litzakén orain esaldiko parte rhematikoena:

• Canta Juan

Bi kasuetan hitz-ordenak markatzen dú bukaerako rhematizitate hori, eta ez da behar azentu markaturik hor, nahikoa da azentu nagusi neutroa, nahizta nahi izanez gero, bietan eman litekén azentu bereziki markatua ere, erákutsiz bukaera horietako moldagarritasun expresiboa.

Inglesean, aldiz, finkatua (stereotyped) dago SV ordena (seguruena zatio arrazoi morfologikoak), eta azentu markatu batek esanen du zéin den esaldiko parte rhematikoena:

• John sings 

eta

• John sings

Horrela, bietan ordena berbera izanki, bigarrenean derrigor beharko litzaké azentu markatua an "John". Esan nahi baita ze bigarrenean ez legoke aukera neutrorik, baizik soilik aukera markatua (gaztelaniaz ere esan ahal dá "Juan canta", kin azentu markatua an "Juan").

Esan nahi baita ze, puntu horretan, inglesaren hitz-ordena agertzen dá rigidoago zein gaztelaniarena, halan ze hor inglesa baliatu behar da kin derrigorrezko azentu markatua xedé markatu rhematizitate hori. Gaztelaniak ordea, bukaeran kokatu ahal dú informazio prosodikoki markatuena (nahiz neutroa izan ahal den), informazio rhematikoena, informazio ezberdintzailea edo kontrastiboa:

... the differentiator, the contrasting element, comes last. [Bolinger, 1952:1120]

hantxe non askatasun handiagoz expresatu ahal den, hasiz ti neutroena eta helduz ki enfatikoena. [2541] [>>>]