Cinque (1993) gain foku zabala: "The focus of IP is any constituent containing the main stress of IP, as determined by the main stress algorithm"

Atzokoan mintzo ginen burúz azentu neutroa an foku zabal bat zeinen hedadura, ikusten denez, beste kontu bat den. Eta baita ikusten genuen nóla Arantzazu Elordieta (an bere tesia titulatzén "Verb movement and constituent premutation in Basque", 2001:131-132) mintzo zitzaigun burúz ...

... the typical pattern observed in 'wide focus' [gure "foku zabala"] utterances in many languages, as discussed in Cinque (1993) and Zubizarreta (1998), namely, that under the same neutral focus intonation, all of the constituents of a sentence can be interpreted as focus. [Elordieta, 2001]

Jarraian, Elordieta-k (2001) gogoratzen digu nóla Cinque-k (1993) erlazionatzen duén azentu neutroa eta foku zabalaren hedadura:

The focus of IP [Inflectional Phrase, esan nahi baita esaldia] is any constituent containing the main stress of IP, as determined by the main stress algorithm [Cinque, 1993]

Genioenez, gauza bat dá azentu neutroa (esaldiko nuklearra), eta beste bat noráino hedatzen den foku neutroa. [1372] [>>>]

Duanmu (2007): "The proposal of Cinque (1993) is very similar to the Non-head Stress rule of Duanmu (1990), because in a syntactic structure, the syntactic non-head always has a deeper structure than the syntactic head."

Duanmu-k (2007) konparatzen dú bere azentuazio-araua (1990, ikus atzoko sarrera) eta Cinque-rena (1993, ikus beherago), zein, finean, izanen litzakén...

The proposal of Cinque (1993) is very similar to the Non-head Stress rule of Duanmu (1990), because in a syntactic structure, the syntactic non-head always has a deeper structure than the syntactic head... [Duanmu, 2007]

Hortaz, gogora daigun ondoko sarrera non mintzatu ginen gain Cinque-ren proposamena: "Cinque (1993): "The main stress of a sentence falls on the most embedded element on the recursive side of the tree" [informalki reformulatua ga Arantzazu Elordieta (2001)] "

Ikus daigun ondorengo textua ganik Arantzazu Elordieta gain definizioa on ordena neutroa edo ez-markatua (an bere doktore-tesia titulatzén "Verb movement and constituent premutation in Basque", 2001:130-131): 

..., Cinque proposes a universal sentence stress rule which will apply in every language provided that we know what the direction of recursion is in a language, and by using the concept of "most embeddedness". Cinque's algorithm may be informally formulated as follows:

The main stress of a sentence falls on the most embedded element on the recursive side of the tree.

... This, in a head-initial language (VO), the complement will count as most embedded in a SVO order, since the complement is selected by the verb. Likewise, in a V-final language, the most embedded element in SOV order will also be the complement, as the language is left-branching. As a result, in both types of languages the complement receives the main sentence stress, as is conformed by the followwing data from Spanish (VO) and Basque (OV) (the words in bold face indicate the constituent bearing neutral stress):

(29a) Hoy los niños han cantado dos canciones nuevas.

(29b) Gaur umeek abesti berri bi abestu dituzte.

The main sentence stress borne on the direct object in both sentences in (29) is tipically found in sentences occurring in the neutral order. As is well kwoun, neutral order is pronounced whith a neutral focus intonation (which we may now identify as main stress),...

(29b) represents the unmarked or neutral word order for the constituents of a simple transitive clause in Basque, SOV.

[Oinoharra ganik Arantzazu Elordieta: Keep in mind that I use the term "unmarked" in the sense of neutral order in relation to the information structure of the sentence; in other words, when no constituent is understood to be more prominent or informative than the other constituents in the sentence.]

(29b) has an interpretation according to which the entire sentence can be viewed as the focus phrase. But, in addition (29b) can also have two further interpretations, according to which only the VP abesti berri bi abestu 'sing two songs' represents the new information of the sentence, and a third reading, in which only the object phrase abesti berri bi 'two new songs' is interpreted as the information focus of the sentence. The three readings are given below (the intended focused constituent in each reading is marked in italics):

(30) Gaur umeek abesti berri bi abestu dituzte.

I. "Today the children sang two new songs" 

II. "Today the children sang two new songs" 

III. "Today the children sang two new songs"  

In fact, the paradigm illustrated in (30) is the typical pattern observed in 'wide focus' utterances in many languages, as discussed in Cinque (1993) and Zubizarreta (1998), namely, that under the same neutral focus intonation, all of the constituents in a sentence can be interpreted as focus. [Arantzazu Elordieta, 2001:130-131]

Azpimarratu ze hor mintzo da gain azentu neutroa, ez-markatua, zein, ordena neutroan, interpreta liteken nola:

I. Esaldi osoko foku neutroa.

II. Predikatu mailako foku neutroa.

III. Objetu mailako foku neutroa.

eta baita orobat ze:

I use the term "unmarked" in the sense of neutral order in relation to the information structure of the sentence; in other words, when no constituent is understood to be more prominent or informative than the other constituents in the sentence. [Arantzazu Elordieta, 2001:130-131]

hala nola, azkenik, ze Cinque-k aldarrikatzen dú bere azentu-araua nola universala.

Horrela, Cinque-ren ereduan, defektuzko indar prosodikoa orobat joango litzake ki osagarriak (zein dirén sintaktikoki sakonagoak zein euren buruak), eta finean ki esaldiko osagarri sakonena. [1371] [>>>]

Cinque (1993): "The main stress of a sentence falls on the most embedded element on the recursive side of the tree" [informalki reformulatua ga Arantzazu Elordieta (2001)]

Ikus daigun ondorengo textua ganik Arantzazu Elordieta gain definizioa on ordena neutroa edo ez-markatua (an bere doktore-tesia titúlatzen "Verb movement and constituent permutation in Basque", 2001:130-131): 

..., Cinque proposes a universal sentence stress rule which will apply in every language provided that we know what the direction of recursion is in a language, and by using the concept of "most embeddedness". Cinque's algorithm may be informally formulated as follows:

The main stress of a sentence falls on the most embedded element on the recursive side of the tree.

... This, in a head-initial language (VO), the complement will count as most embedded in a SVO order, since the complement is selected by the verb. Likewise, in a V-final language, the most embedded element in SOV order will also be the complement, as the language is left-branching. As a result, in both types of languages the complement receives the main sentence stress, as is conformed by the following data from Spanish (VO) and Basque (OV) (the words in bold face indicate the constituent bearing neutral stress):

(29a) Hoy los niños han cantado dos canciones nuevas.

(29b) Gaur umeek abesti berri bi abestu dituzte.

The main sentence stress borne on the direct object in both sentences in (29) is tipically found in sentences occurring in the neutral order. As is well known, neutral order is pronounced with a neutral focus intonation (which we may now identify as main stress),...

(29b) represents the unmarked or neutral word order for the constituents of a simple transitive clause in Basque, SOV.

[Oinoharra ganik Arantzazu Elordieta: Keep in mind that I use the term "unmarked" in the sense of neutral order in relation to the information structure of the sentence; in other words, when no constituent is understood to be more prominent or informative than the other constituents in the sentence.]

(29b) has an interpretation according to which the entire sentence can be viewed as the focus phrase. But, in addition (29b) can also have two further interpretations, according to which only the VP abesti berri bi abestu 'sing two songs' represents the new information of the sentence, and a third reading, in which only the object phrase abesti berri bi 'two new songs' is interpreted as the information focus of the sentence. The three readings are given below (the intended focused constituent in each reading is marked in italics):

(30) Gaur umeek abesti berri bi abestu dituzte.

I. "Today the children sang two new songs" 

II. "Today the children sang two new songs" 

III. "Today the children sang two new songs"  

In fact, the paradigm illustrated in (30) is the typical pattern observed in 'wide focus' utterances in many languages, as discussed in Cinque (1993) and Zubizarreta (1998), namely, that under the same neutral focus intonation, all of the constituents in a sentence can be interpreted as focus. [Arantzazu Elordieta, 2001:130-131]

Azpimarratu ze hor mintzo da gain azentu neutroa, ez-markatua, zein, ordena neutroan, interpreta litekén nola:

I. Esaldi osoko foku neutroa.

II. Predikatu mailako foku neutroa.

III. Objetu mailako foku neutroa.

eta baita orobat ze:

I use the term "unmarked" in the sense of neutral order in relation to the information structure of the sentence; in other words, when no constituent is understood to be more prominent or informative than the other constituents in the sentence. [Arantzazu Elordieta, 2001:130-131]

hala nola, azkenik, ze Cinque-k aldarrikatzen dú bere azentu-araua nola universala. [1225] [>>>]